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(350). Start a Business of Ornamental Fish Breeding 

Keeping colourful and fancy fishes known as ornamental fishes, aquarium fishes, or live jewels is one of the oldest and most popular hobbies in the world.  The growing interest in aquarium fishes has resulted in steady increase in aquarium fish trade globally. The ornamental fish trade with a turnover of US $ 6 Billion and an annual growth rate of 8 percent offers  lot of scope for development.

The entire industry, including accessories and fish feed is estimated to be worth US $ 14 Billion. The top exporting country (with percentage contribution to global trade) is Singapore (19.8%) followed by Czech Republic (7.8%), Japan (7.4%), Malaysia (7.3%), Indonesia (5.3%), Israel (4.3%), Thailand (3.9%), Sri Lanka (2.9%) and India (0.008%).  The largest importer of ornamental fish is the USA followed by Europe and Japan. The emerging markets are China and South Africa.

India's share in ornamental fish trade is estimated to be less than  1 % of the global trade. The major part of the export trade is based on wild collection. There is very good domestic market too, which is mainly based on domestically bred exotic species. The overall domestic trade in this field cross Rs 1000 lakh  and is  reportedly growing at the rate of 20 per cent annum. The earning potential of this sector has hardly been understood and the same is not being exploited in a technology driven manner. Considering the relatively simple techniques involved, this activity has the potential to create substantial employment opportunities, besides  earning foreign exchange.

Ornamental Fishes

Aquarium fishes are mainly grouped into two categories, viz., Oviparous (egg - layers) and Viviparous (live-bearers). Further, the fresh water ornamental fish varieties can be broadly grouped into Tropical and Cold water species also. Management of these two categories are different in nature. According to water tolerance fishes are hard water tolerant, soft water tolerant species and those with wider tolerance. The common varieties of fishes and the details of grouping is given below.

Species Water Quality  Breeding Season Breeding Type Parental Care Molly Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones Guppy Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones Platy Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones Swordtail Hard water Sp. Summer/Monsoon Live Bearer Young Ones Blue Gourami Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Nest Builder Male Guard eggs Pearl Gourami Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Nest Builder Male Guard eggs Rosy Barb Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive Gold Fish Wide Tolerance Monsoon/Winter Egg Scatterer Adhesive Z/P/Vl Danio Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Non Adhesive S Fighter Wide Tolerance Summer/Monsoon Nest Builder Male Guard eggs Catfish Wide Tolerance Monsoon/Winter Egg depositor Enclosures Reqd. Angel* Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg depositor Airing of eggs with fins FM Cichlid Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Depositors Enclosures Reqd. R D Cichlid Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Depositors Enclosures Reqd. Bl W Tetra Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive B A Tetra Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive Serpa Tetra Soft Water Summer/Monsoon Egg Scatterer Adhesive Manila Carp Soft Water Monsoon/Winter Egg Scatterer Adhesive

Monsoon -  June to August, Summer - March to May, Winter - November  to  January

Marine Ornamental Fishes

Marine ornamental fishes are also  popular  among hobbyists and the technology of breeding and larval rearing has now been developed for certain species by research institutes. The present model has been restricted to freshwater species only.

Technology

At present in India, hundreds of exotic and indigenous ornamental fish varieties are being bred under captive condition. Majority of the production goes to domestic market and to some extent for export. A  generalised production cycle of ornamental fishes is given below.  There are quite a large number of tropical aquarium fishes known to the aquarists. While many of the fishes are easy to breed, some of these are rare, difficult to breed and expensive. Most of the exotic species can be bred and reared easily since the technology is simple and well developed. It is advisable to start with common, attractive, easily bred and less expensive species before attempting the more challenging ones. An ornamental fish project can be either 1) rearing only 2) breeding only 3) breeding and rearing depending upon the space available/ scale of operations desired  and the expertise. The technology involves the following activities

Culture/rearing : The culture/rearing of these fishes can be taken up normally in cement tanks. Cement tanks are easy to maintain and durable. One species can be stocked in one tank. However, in case of compatible species two or three species can occupy the same tank. Ground water from dug wells / deep tube wells/ borewells  are the best for rearing fish. The fishes reach  marketable size in around 4 to 6 months. Eight to ten crops can be taken in a year. Feeding : Young fish are fed mainly with Infusoria, Artemia, Daphnia , Mosquito larvae Tubifex and Blood worms. For rearing, formulated artificial or prepared feed can be used. At present no indigenous prepared feed for aquarium fish is available. The amount and type of food to be given depends on the size of the fry. Feeding is generally done twice in a day or according to the  requirement. For rearing from fry stage dry/ prepared feed can be used.  Breeding : Ninety five per cent of our ornamental fish export is based on wild collection. Such capture based export is not sustainable and it is a matter of concern for the industry. In order to sustain the growth it is absolutely necessary to shift the focus from capture to culture based development. Moreover, most of the fish species grown for their ornamental importance can be bred in India successfully. Organised trade in ornamental fish depends on assured and adequate supply, which is possible only through mass breeding. The method of breeding is based on the family characteristics of the fish. The success of breeding depend on the compatibility of pairs, the identification of breeders which is a skill gained through experience. Generally the brooders are selected from the standing crop or purchased and reared separately by feeding them with good live food. However, it is always better to buy good brood stock and replace the breeders. Otherwise, the original characteristic of the species keeps on getting diluted because of continuous inbreeding. Brooders especially egg layers should be discarded after few spawnings.  Health care  Water exchange, is a must for maintaining water quality conducive for the fish health. Only healthy fish can withstand the effects of transportation and fetch a good price. Permitted chemicals / antibiotics, vitamins, etc can also be used for preventing / treating diseases. Market At present the market is mainly domestic and the demand is increasing steadily. The export market for indigenously bred exotic species is also fast growing and encouraging. Ornamental Fish breeding project 5.1. Site selection Site should be located in a flood free area having continuous supply of good quality water. The water source can be dug well or tube well, ponds and rivers having required water quality parameters conducive for breeding of aquarium fishes. 5.2. Water quality parameters The degree of hardness of water has several biological effects on aquatic life. Hard water containing bicarbonates tend to prevent a solution from changing its acidity. Water lacking this protection may become acidic when carbon dioxide is present, and this change causes stress to the organisms. But in the case of soft water species and sensitive naked cells like egg and milt, excess hardness causes problems in absorbing substances through its delicate membranes. Hence soft water is found to play a vital role in successful reproduction of many species of ornamental fishes and for purpose of fish breeding a soft solution is desirable. To maintain softness of the water, all sources of calcium carbonate such as calcareous rocks, gravels, corals, broken shell and algae must be kept out of the aquarium system. Some of the important water quality parameters and their optimum ranges for aquarium fish are given below. Temperature 24 to 28 degrees C pH 7.0 to 8.5 Carbon di oxide <10 ppm Alkalinity 75 to 120 ppm as CaCO3 Hardness 60 to 100 ppm as CaCO3 Dissolved Oxygen 6.0 to 8.0 ppm Free Ammonia < 0.05 ppm Ionized Ammonia < 0.4 ppm Accessibility by road, rail and air is a prime requisite for transportation of broodstock / other raw materials as well as to move the produce (live fish) to domestic/ international markets. Apart from these, uninterrupted power supply is essential for water pumping, aeration, lighting/ other machinery. A thorough survey of the site as well as strong considerations on the engineering aspects are inevitable for the larger volume water holding structures as well as building.  General outline of an ornamental fish breeding unit consists of components such as (a) maturation/ brood stock development, (b) breeding cum hatching, (c) larval rearing and (d) grow-out subsections. All these sections will have provisions for continuous supply of unpolluted water and air. Apart from these associated subsections such as live feed production section, water-quality testing laboratory cum chemical store, disease treatment cum quarantine section, packaging cum sales section and feed preparation cum storage section are associated to the breeding units. Species such as guppies, mollies, sword tails, angelfishes etc. can be matured, bred and grown up in glass aquaria and small cement tanks, where as goldfishes, barbs and many of the cichlids require a minimum water volume of 1000 liters and requires larger cement tanks. Earthen ponds of larger capacities are also used for grow out purpose.  Apart from cement tanks, breeding and grow out of catfishes and carp varieties, require earthen ponds having a minimum water volume of 10 to 20 m3. Earthen ponds lined with plastic sheets are commonly used as breeding/ holding tanks for ornamental fishes. But the possibility of tearing and strength loss associated with sunlight exposure are some of the problems associated with lined ponds. Generally one species is stocked in one tank/ pond but a number of compatible species can be stocked in one tank/ pond. The number of tanks/ ponds/ aquaria required depends on the variety of species bred.  The basic requirements for successful breeding and rearing of ornamental fish are adequate space, quality water and sufficient feed. Considering this the following investments are required for starting an Ornamental fish project Tanks : The tanks can be of RCC or brick masonry work having flat bottoms with inlet and outlet pipes. Clay, cement, fibre glass or plastic tanks can also be used. Rearing of fishes should be done in large tanks. Size of the tanks vary according to the space, the number and type of fish cultured.  Aquariums : Glass tanks of varying size are required for breeding. Small glass bottles of 250 ml are used for keeping individual male fighter fishes. Number and size of the glass tanks depend on the specific breeding / spawning behaviour of the species selected.  Over head tank : An over head tank of suitable size for storing and to enable sedimentation of water is required.  Water Supply : Deep tube wells would be the best source of water. Recycling of water through bio-filters or other sort of filtering mechanism can be tried. Other sources like dug wells, municipal water if available can also be used . A small pump to lift the water to over head tank and a network of pipes are needed to feed the culture tanks.  Work Shed : Work shed should be designed in such a way that the tanks get filtered sunlight. Translucent HDPE sheets can be used. This also protects the culture tanks from falling debris and bird dropping etc.  Aeration equipments : A blower pump with net work of tubes for aeration is a must. Continuous power supply should also be ensured through generator set or UPS or inverter. Margin money and bank loan : The entrepreneur is expected to bring margin money out of his own resources. The rates of margin money stipulated vary from 5 to 25 % depending upon the category of borrower and respective bank norms. Rate of Refinance : NABARD provides refinance assistance for ornamental fish rearing to Commercial banks, Cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks. The rate of refinance is fixed by NABARD from time to time. Interest rate for ultimate borrowers : Banks are free to decide the rate of interest within the  RBI guidelines. However, for working out the financial viability and bank ability of the model project we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% per annum.  Interest rate for refinance from NABARD : As per the policy circulars of NABARD issued from time to time. Repayment period : The borrower will be able to repay the bank loan in 6 years with a grace period of one year on repayment of the principal.  Security : As per RBI guidelines.  Subsidy: The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) provides subsidy at the rate of 50 per cent of capital cost towards construction of cisterns, glass aquarium tanks, aeration system, oxygen cylinder, electrical fittings, and essential accessories etc  ranging from Rs 75,000 to Rs 750000 for  three categories of units based on level of invesrments & grading as per MPEDAs guidelines . The detailed  information is available in mpeda website  www. mpeda.com. Model Project for ornamental fish breeding unit : A model of ornamental fish seed hatchery is given below. The parameters are averaged out and the costs are only illustrative. The cost of different parameters change depending on the area, the type of tanks  used and the species bred. According to the place and requirement of the project, some of the items can be excluded or more items as required may be included.  Project cost for Ornamental fish breeding unit A. Capital and Recurring cost Sl No  Particulars Nos / units Unit  rate (Rs)  Cost (Rs) A  Breeding Section 1 Aquarium tanks of @ 250 L capacity each 30 1375  41250 2 Cement tanks for brood stock @ 1000 L capacity each 5 3500  17500 3 Shed (Civil work and Shade net (for 100 sq m) with tin roofed area of 15 sqm) 100 1500  150000 B  Rearing Unit 1 Cement tanks for brood stock (5000 Lit capacity) 8 10000  80000 C  Packaging unit 1 Marketing stock tanks (2000 L capacity) 3 4000  12000 2 Aquarium tanks (250 L capacity) 30 1375  41250 3 Oxygen cylinder, accessories 10000 4  Aeration blower 20000 5  Hand nets 5000 6 Plumbing components 10000 7  Electrical components 7000 8  Generator 25000 9  Motor 12000 10  Filtration equipment 67500 11 Tube well 50000 12  Lab Equipment 7500 Sub Total- Capital cost 556000  Recurring Expenditure 1  Brood stock fish 25000 2  Feed (live feed + formulated feed) 36500 3  Management 90000 4  Power & Fuel 15000 5  Packing &  Transport 10000 6  Miscellaneous 15000 Sub Total - Recurring cost  191500 Total Project Cost  747500 B. Production and Income Particulars No of brood stock- Female No of brood stock- Male Young ones produced per brooder Total young ones produced / cycle 50% Survival after 2 months of rearing 1 Live Bearers (guppies, molly, platy, sword tail etc) OR 3640 910 10  36400  18200 Egg Layers (Gourami , Barb, 27 54 1350  36450  18225 2 Total  Average Production from 1 Cycle  18200 3 Total Production from 9 cycles per year  163800 4 Sale price per piece in Rs 2.5 5 Total Income  409500 C. Financial Analysis  Particulars/   Year 1 2 3 4 5 6  Capital cost  556000  Recurring cost  95750  191500  191500  191500  191500  191500  Total cost  651750  191500  191500  191500  191500  191500  Income  204750  409500  409500  409500  409500  409500 Net Income  -447000  218000  218000  218000  218000  218000  Discount Rate 15%  PWC  1124946  PWB  1371702 BCR 1.2:1  NPW  246756  IRR  >40 % D. Repayment Schedule Total Outlay                651750 Margin ( 15 % )           97760 Bank Loan                  553990                                                                                                                                                 (Amount in Rs) Year Bank Loan outstanding  Net Income  Repayment  Net surplus  Interest @ 12% pa  Principal  Total 1 553990 102375  66480  - 66480 35895 2 553990  218000  66480 110800  177280 40720 3  443190  218000  53180 110800  163980 54020 4  332390  218000  39890 110800  150690 67310 5  221590  218000  26590 110800  139590 80610 6  110790 218000  13295 110790  124085 93915

   
(349). Start a Knitted Socks Manufacturing Business
Socks of various types and designs  can be produced on single cylinder or double cylinder knitting machines by using cotton . Acrylic, polyester and nylon yarn of different colours. The elasticportion can be produced by  using rubberd yarn or lycra yarn . The sockses are then pressed and packed

Market Potential 

The demand for the socks has been increasing gradually for the last few decades particularly in India and other developing countries. The largest consumer of socks are the Europeans and Western countries who have been using this item as part of their dresses for a very long period. The European and Western countries have been producing socks, from where these items used to be imported into India and
other countries. However, as the item has gradually become popular, the socks have also
been produced in India initially to meet the domestic demand and subsequently for export purposes. Over the past few years as the standards of living went up, the socks which were earlier worn to provide comfort to the feet have now become part of fashion commodities. The socks industry has a very bright future as its demand both in India and abroad has increased substantially. A Survey conducted recently show that only 2% of population in India wears socks and therefore, 98% market is yet to be exploited, while consumption of
socks in most advanced countries is extremely high. The existing production capacity in the country is grossly inadequate to meet the domestic and international demand. It is, therefore, feasible to set up more socks knitting units.



Process of Manufacture
Initially, the size and design of the socks to be knitted are decided and  accordingly, the machines are selected
and set. After setting the machine with the required design and size, the predetermined colour yarns are loaded on the bobbin stands in the creel assembly of the machine and fed into the knitting elements of the machine. Socks are knitted in continuous process and several operations are performed before a socks is completed. Knitting is done in stages beginning with elastic portion for which elastic yarn is used. The leg portion is knitted followed by heel and foot portion ending up with the toe portion of the socks. The toe
portion of socks is closed by stitching on over lock machine. Socks thus produced will have acquired dirt which have to be removed by washing in socks washing machine containing mild detergent. After washing, socks are charged into hydro extractor to remove excess water and dried in dryer tumbler.Visual examination is done to remove any faults and finally ironed to remove wrinkles and also to provide proper
shape. Socks are reversed and paired. The socks are made on socks knitting machine by using cotton Acrylic polyester and nylon yarn of different colors. The elastic rib is made by using rubber  thread or lycra yarn. The socks are then pressed and packed for marketing.

Knitted Socks Making Machine

 

Specifications：

1. CYLINDER DIAMETER: 3 3/4"
2. NEEDLE COUNT: FORM 72N THROUGH 200N
3. ACTUATOR: 6PIEZO ELECTRIC CERAMIC ACTUATATORS (8-STEPS)
4. SPEED: MAX.400RPM
5. POWER REQUIRED: 2.5KW
6. STANDARD ELECTRIC SUPPLY: 220V-440V.3PHASE.20/60HZ
7. PACKING DIMENSION: 40"W*50"L*95"h (1070mm*980mm*1850mm)
8. NET WEIGHT: 840Lbs (380kg)
9. GROSS WEIGHT: 1100Lbs (500kg)

Features:
1) Fully electric, drum-less single cylinder, has two types including machines specialized in plain, machines specialized in plain & terry.
2) 2 feeders, which enables to knit various patterns, such as terry, plain, motif ,jacquard, rib, Y-form heel reinforced, bottom-reinforced, big heel, multiple-welts, elastic socks, sole s fluff rule-less and much more.
3) First feed has 4 yarn positive feeding devices connected to 6 selection groups
4) Second feed which can be engaged or disengaged has one yarn positive feeding device and the related selection group.
5) 11pattern colors with 3 or 4 colors plus 2 body colors on same course in 2 feeding systems.
6)the operation is simple to alter the terry-making to plain-making in the plain & terry machines which only need four spare parts changed, including center cam, sinker cam, throat plate and yarn finger.
7) The patterns are programmed by pattern analyzer, and transferred to the machine with USB flash memory.
8) The machine has memory function of approx. 10 patterns.
9) Individual needle selection by ceramic actuators and cylinder driven by A/C servo motor, are controlled by the fully electronic control system of WAC data system.
10) Knitting speed is adjustable during operation on the keystroke.
11) Uninterrupted power supply as standard.
12) There are total 6 selection groups, each one with 8 selectors, suitable for selecting needle in any part of the socks.
13) Automatic stitch and size controlled by controller.
14) LCD allows the operator to easily keep track of knitting conditions including: Error messages, stop signals, production quantities, and speed. Languages available include Chinese, English, and Japanese.

Special features:
1) Double welt or single welt available
2) Electronic size control
3) Automatic lubrication
4) Automatic separation
5) Automatic product counter
6) Damaged socks detector
7) Infrared detector automatically detecting the falling socks

Graphic design system-Styled:
1) Personal computer, IBM compatible
2) High resolution color graphic monitor
3) Keyboard
4) Color printer, digitizer (electronic pen) and image scanner as option




Addresses of Machinery and Equipment Suppliers

1. M/s. Vishit Synthetics (P) Ltd.
Saritaderahan, Opp. Jaihind Press, Ashram Road,
Ahmedabad-380009.
2. M/s. Meghaylen Synthetics Pvt. Ltd.
10, Jasvillem, IIIrd Floor,9, New Marine Lines,
Mumbai-400020.
3. M/s. Crompton Pvt. Ltd.
29, Chitalsar Nagpada, S.V. Road,Thane-400607.
4. M/s. Suryalan Synthetic Inds. (P)
Ltd.216, Jolly Bhavan,10, Sir V. Thackeray Marg.
Mumbai-400020.

   
(348). Start a Shoe Freshener Making Business
Foot odor is caused by bacteria and enzymes, so one of the better ways to get rid of that odor is to kill what is responsible. A safe and easy (not to mention inexpensive) way to do this is to freeze your shoes. Just put your foul footgear into airtight, sealable freezer bags and then place this package into a freezer overnight. Most odor-causing bacteria and enzymes cannot withstand the frigid temperatures. Be sure to remove your shoes the following morning and allow plenty of time to thaw them out before placing them on your feet.


Although there aren't too many different shoe fresheners on the market today, there are two distinct types of shoe fresheners. Some shoe fresheners work by absorbing the foot odor and other work by masking it. Some products, of course, combine both methods to try to combat offensive foot odor from both angles. There are many natural products, most of which you probably already have around your home, that can be used for deodorizing smelly sneakers, boots or shoes. All of these shoe deodorizer products should be put on at night and allowed to sit in the shoe overnight for best results.


Getting embarrassed by your stinking shoes! Keeping your most expensive shoes away only because they stink? Here’s the most expensive solution for it. Shoe freshener is the best to get rid of those stinking shoes. They are especially great in that season when humidity and heat are at its worst. Shoe freshener comes in different forms like that of balls and sprays. 

How Do Absorbent Shoe Fresheners Work?

• The process underlying absorbent shoe fresheners is relatively simple. Absorbent shoe fresheners are placed inside the shoe, usually in the form of an insole, and contain a highly absorbent material of some sort.
  The material that is usually used in this application is activated charcoal. As foot odor emanates from the feet the activated charcoal absorbs the unpleasant odors much the way that a sponge absorbs water. Activated charcoal can absorb a great deal of odor and such shoe fresheners can be worn for months at a time and remain effective.

Which Type of Shoe Freshener is Most Effective?

• Shoe fresheners that combine both methods, both absorbent and masking qualities, generally work best. But, if one was to pick a shoe freshener with only one active method it would probably be best to pick an absorbent shoe freshener. Not only do they last longer, but they also combat the foot odor at its source, instead of attempting to cover that unpleasant odor up with another, stronger scent.

• 2/3 c. baking soda
• 15 drops rosemary essential oil
• 5 drops tea tree oil (optional)
• 1/3 c. sage leaves or mint leaves (dried & crumbled)
• 2 cotton muslin bags
• 2 large paper tea leaf bags