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September 26, 2019
The most used engineering terminology can be confusing to the average consumer. Understanding the common jargon used in engineering can help you communicate with your architect, engineer, or construction manager more effectively.
Beam
A structural member, usually horizontal, with a main function to carry loads cross-ways to its longitudinal axis. These loads usually result in bending of the beam member. Examples of beams are simple, continuous, and cantilever.
Beam-Column
This is a structural member whose main function is to carry loads both parallel and transverse to the longitudinal axis.
Cantilever
Cantilever refers to the part of a member that extends freely over a beam, which is not supported at its end.

Collateral Load
Collateral load is additional dead loads (not the weight of people and not the weight of the building itself), such as plumbing, duct work, ceilings, and other components of the structure.
Column
A column is a main vertical member that carries axial loads from the main roof beams or girders to the foundation parallel to its longitudinal axis.
Continuity
Continuity is the term given to a structural system describing the transfer of loads and stresses from member to member as if there were no connections.
Damping
Damping is the rate of decay of amplitude for floor vibrations.
Dead Load
Dead load describes the loads from the weight of the permanent components of the structure.
Deflection
Deflection is the displacement of a structural member or system under a load.
Dynamic Load
This type of load varies over time.
Footing
A footing is a slab of concrete under a column, wall, or other structural to transfer the loads of the member into the surrounding soil.
Foundation
A foundation supports a building or structure.
G-Type Joist Girder
A type of Joist Girder using joists located at panel points where diagonal webs intersect the top chord of the joist only.
Gable
A gable is located above the elevation of the eave line of a double-sloped roof.
Gage
Gage can refer to the thickness of a sheet of material or the distance between centerlines in a set of holes, usually perpendicular to the joist or joist girder.
Girder
A girder is the main horizontal member spanning between two main supports and carries other members or vertical loads within the structure.
Grade
The ground elevation of the soil.
Header
A member that carries other supporting members and is placed between other beams.
Hip Roof
A roof sloping from all four sides of a building.
Joist
A structural load-carrying member with an open web system which supports floors and roofs utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel and is designed as a simple span member.
Kip
1000 pounds.
Live Load
Non-permanent loads on a structure created by the use of the structure.
Load
An outside force that affects the structure or its members.
Modulus of Elasticity (E)
The value is usually 29,000 ksi for structural steels and is also called Young’s Modulus. It calculates the slope of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve in the elastic range.
Moment
Moment is the tendency of a force to cause a rotation about a point or axis which in turn produces bending stresses.
Moment of Inertia (I)
A measure of the resistance to rotation offered by a member’s geometry and size.
Pitch
Pitch is the slope of a member defined as the ratio of the total rise to the total width
Reaction
Reaction is the force or moment developed at the points of a support.
Seismic Load
Loads produced during the seismic movements of an earthquake.
Shear
Forces resulting in two touching parts of a material to slide in opposite directions parallel to their plane of contact.
Span
The distance between supports.
Structural Steels
Steels suitable for load-carrying members in a structure.
Strut
A structural brace that resists axial forces.
Stud
A vertical wall member used to attach other structures, such as walls.
Torsion Loads
A load that causes a member to twist about its longitudinal axis. A couple or moment in a plane perpendicular to the axis produces simple torsion.
These most used structural engineering terminology definitions provide a baseline understanding of engineering jargon for the average consumer. Detailed definitions can be obtained from visiting a professional engineering website or professional journal.
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September 25, 2019
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) consists of a variety of non-invasive inspection techniques used to evaluate material properties, components, or entire process units. The techniques can also be utilized to detect, characterize, or measure the presence of damage mechanisms (e.g. corrosion or cracks). NDT is also commonly referred to as nondestructive examination (NDE), nondestructive evaluation (NDE), and nondestructive inspection (NDI). Many NDT techniques are capable of locating defects and determining the features of the defects such as size, shape, and orientation. The purpose of NDT is to inspect a component in a safe, reliable, and cost effective manner without causing damage to the equipment or shutting down plant operations. This is in contrast to destructive testing where the part being tested is damaged or destroyed during the inspection process.

NDT can be performed during or after manufacture, or even on equipment that is in service. In manufacturing, NDT inspections determine if parts are fit for a desired function. In other words, parts are inspected to ensure they will last a certain amount of time or cycles before failure. During operation, NDT inspections can be used to asses the current damage state of equipment, monitor damage mechanisms, and make informed decisions for remaining equipment life evaluations (e.g., RBI, FFS).

Overview of NDT Methods

NDT methods can generally be classified into two categories: conventional and advanced. Each method has its own characteristic advantages and limitations. More information on each test can be found in their respective Integripedia definitions.

Conventional NDT Techniques

Conventional methods are techniques that have matured over the course of decades and in this time, have become well-documented in codes, standards, and best practices. The setup and procedure of a conventional technique is typically simpler in comparison to advanced methods.
  • Acoustic Emission Testing (AET)
  • Infrared Testing (IR)
  • Leak Testing (LT)
  • Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)
  • Electromagnetic Testing (ET)
  • Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
  • Radiographic Testing (RT)
  • Film Radiography (FR)
  • Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
  • Straight Beam
  • Vibration Analysis (VA)
  • Visual Inspection (VI)

Advanced NDT Techniques

Advanced methods tend to be less understood as they progress as emerging technologies, e.g. uncertain advantages or limitations, lack of technician qualification criteria, or little to no industry codification. Generally, the setup, procedure, and data interpretation of advanced methods is more complicated and can require specialized understanding and experience from a properly trained technician.
Furthermore, some methods can be further broken down into conventional and advanced techniques. Take two forms of ultrasonic testing for example, straight beam ultrasonic testing (UT) is a conventional technique used in simple applications whereas phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced UT technique. As advanced techniques mature, new and more advanced versions of each emerge to start a new cycle of technical understanding and technician training.
  • Electromagnetic Testing (ET)
    • Alternating Current Field Measurement
    • Eddy Current Testing (ECT)
    • Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL)
  • Laser Testing Methods (LM)
    • Holographic Testing
    • Laser Profilometry
    • Laser Shearography
  • Radiographic Testing (RT)
    • Computed Radiography (CR)
    • Computed Tomography (CT)
    • Digital Radiography (DR)
  • Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
    • Angle Beam
    • Automated Ultrasonic Backscatter Technique (AUBT)
    • Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
    • Immersion Testing
    • Internal Rotary Inspection System (IRIS)
    • Long Range Ultrasonic Testing (LRUT)
    • Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)
    • Time-of-Flight-Diffraction (TOFD)
Overall, NDT offers many advantages compared to destructive testing. The testing equipment is often portable and can be performed numerous times on a single component. The component itself can be thoroughly evaluated externally and internally for harmful flaws. The disadvantage is that the results are often qualitative and may be repeated and interpreted differently by various inspectors.

Industry Applications of NDT

NDT inspections are an integral part of the oil and gas and petrochemical industries, along with several other industries, including chemicals, aerospace, automotive, and defense. The overall goal of all these industries is to detect flaws in components to reduce failure and increase reliability.
In the petrochemical industry, NDT inspections are utilized throughout a facility’s lifecycle. This cradle-to-grave approach is an important element of asset integrity management. Furthermore, NDT inspections provide historical data about the facility’s process units and provide information on how often a component should be inspected, repaired, or replaced. Inspection intervals and tests may be changed depending on where the equipment is in its life-cycle (e.g. newly manufactured equipment vs. aging equipment). Performing multiple assessments throughout the equipment’s life-cycle may seem expensive. However, inspections conducted at specific intervals may end up saving an organization millions of dollars if testing reveals threats and equipment is repaired before shutting down the facility or experiencing a catastrophic failure.
The most common pieces of equipment that undergo inspection in the petrochemical industry are storage tanks, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, and piping systems. When planning an NDT inspection, there are four considerations one should account for:
  1. The type of damage mechanism to be inspected for
  2. The minimum detectable flaw size, shape, and orientation of the defect
  3. Where the defect is located (surface or internal)
  4. The sensitivities and limitations of the NDT method
With the above factors considered, operators can optimize facility production and increase personnel and environmental safety.

Codes and Standards Bodies

NDT is often prescribed by codes and standards for the fabrication of components, safety critical parts, and in-service equipment. Therefore, it is critical for all refinery, chemical plant, gas plant, and pipeline owners to have thorough understanding and experience in the interdisciplinary field of NDT. In addition to the factors listed above (Industry Application section) personnel should continuously develop knowledge about evolving technology and performing up-to-date procedures.
Specific codes, standards, specifications, regulations, and recommended practices may depend on the country and industry performing NDT. The following is a list of organizations (standards bodies) that develop and publish industrial codes, standards, and recommended practices for NDT methods relating to the oil and gas and chemical processing industries:
  • The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
  • ASTM International
  • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
  • American Petroleum Institute (API)
  • American Welding Society (AWS)
  • National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors (NBBI)
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
  • European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
  • European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
A complete list of regulations created by the U.S. government may be found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Regulations critical to the petrochemical and chemical processing industries can be found under Title 10, Energy, and Title 49, Transportation.1

Training and Certification

Levels of Certification

Many NDT programs have three levels of qualification. A brief description of Level I, Level II, and Level III qualifications are outlined below and found in the ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A document.2
Level I: At the end of a Level I certification program, individuals should be able to perform specific calibrations, specific NDT, and specific evaluations to determine if a component should be accepted or rejected for service.
Level II: Level II individuals should have the same abilities as Level I individuals and additionally, should be able to set-up, calibrate, perform, and evaluate NDT results with respect to applicable codes, standards, and specifications.
Level III: The highest qualified level of NDT personnel should have the same abilities as Level II individuals and additionally, be able to develop and qualify procedures, establish and approve techniques, interpret codes, standards, specifications and procedures, and assign particular NDT methods to use in specific applications.

Certification Requirements

Requirements are based on a combination of training, examination, and experience. Training is based on an accumulation of training course outlines from the NDT Body of Knowledge document. More detail on the ASNT NDT Body of Knowledge can be found in the ANSI/ASNT American National Standard CP-105. The purpose of the Body of Knowledge is to describe the knowledge and skills needed for different levels of certification. Several types of examinations are also necessary to meet minimum requirements and to recertify. Individuals may have to take a written exam, specific exam, or a practical exam depending on the certification desired. Experience in NDT or NDT-related fields as well as on-the-job training programs are also considered for certification.

Accredited Bodies for Training and Certification

American Petroleum Institute (API) — API offers numerous Individual Certification Programs (ICPs) specific to NDT personnel in the petroleum and petrochemical industries.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) — ASNT is a globally recognized organization that offers credentials for NDT personnel in a broad range of industries. Current certification programs include ASNT NDT Level II, ASNT NDT Level III, ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP), and Industrial Radiography and Radiation Safety Personnel (IRRSP). 
British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) — BINDT is an accredited certification body and offers a Personnel Certification in Non-Destructive Testing (PCN).
International Standards Organization (ISO) — ISO 9712 (Non-destructive testing -- Qualification and certification of NDT personnel) is a published standard that details the requirements for qualification and certification of personnel that perform NDT.
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) — NRCan manages the Non-Destructive Testing Certification Body (NDTCB) which offers a Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) certification.
The Welding Institute (TWI) — TWI offers personnel credentials through their accredited CSWIP certification schemes.
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September 25, 2019
Online businesses are the hottest business opportunities provided you have interest & knowledge in starting an online business.
Here are some of the online business ideas you can start with either very low or no investment.
Online Home Business

This is one of the easiest online business you can start today. You can find number of options in this category and almost all business ideas are without any investment. You can find all these options here. Only thing you need to start this business is training. We have created one of the best training for online business and you can download for free from the above link.
Online Freelancing – Data Entry, Content Writing
You can also write content online for various publications. Websites like Upwork, Elance etc have companies that need content writers. You can take up projects and finish it on time and deliver it.
You can also start giving data entry work to others. However you have to take projects from the company who is willing to outsource this job to you.
Web Designing and Coding
Web designing and coding for various software applications is great IT business. It can be done on small scale level. Minimum investment is Rs.10,000.
You need to learn web designing, PHP, WordPress etc. to make quality websites for your clients. There are various ways to get the clients for your business.
SEO Services
SEO related projects are in great demand if you are working with websites and blogs. You can easily make minimum Rs. 50000 to Rs. 1 Lac per month by giving SEO services.
You can get some training or practical experience from an SEO company before starting your SEO service business. You can also provide services like social media marketing, SEM etc.
Amazon, eBay & Flipkart Seller
Thousands of people all over India are making big money by selling different types of products on sites like Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal, eBay etc.
Just search for a good product in the market that has good demand or something that you can buy for very cheap & sell at a good margin on these sites.
Then become seller on these sites & start selling the products. Everything is simple but initial efforts are required to understand the system. You can start with a minimum investment of Rs.10,000.
YouTube Business Idea
There are people who are making millions just by publishing interesting videos on YouTube. Not only money, you can also get fame through YouTube.
There are 3 steps to start this business-
  1. Create interesting videos
  2. Signup & upload videos on YouTube
  3. Join YouTube partner program & start earning
This ultimate money making YouTube guide will show you everything from scratch to start this business.
eBook Writing and Podcasting
If you have passion for writing and want to publish your book and not getting any publishers then you can write an eBook, publish it online & make money.You can set price and sell online. All the technical details you will learn online.
Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing is very profitable business however you must know how to work with Adobe Photoshop.You also have to hire professional desktop publishers if you are getting customers on daily basis.You will also need an office space.
Online Tutoring and Consulting
Instead tutoring offline you can do online via Skype. You get paid for every session you conduct.Later you also consult online and make it a full time profession. So these were few online business ideas to start.

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September 25, 2019

What is Video Editing

 Video editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new work. Editing is usually considered to be one part of the post production process — other post-production tasks include titling, colour correction, sound mixing, etc.

 Many people use the term editing to describe all their post-production work, especially in non-professional situations. Whether or not you choose to be picky about terminology is up to you. In this tutorial we are reasonably liberal with our terminology and we use the word editing to mean any of the following:
  • Rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips and/or audio clips.
  • Applying colour correction, filters and other enhancements.
  • Creating transitions between clips.

The Goals of Editing

There are many reasons to edit a video and your editing approach will depend on the desired
outcome.
Before you begin you must clearly define your editing goals, which could include any of the following:
Remove unwanted footage
This is the simplest and most common task in editing. Many videos can be dramatically improved by
simply getting rid of the flawed or unwanted bits.
Choose the best footage
It is common to shoot far more footage than you actually need and choose only the best material for
the final edit. Often you will shoot several versions (takes) of a shot and choose the best one
when editing.
Create a flow
Most videos serve a purpose such as telling a story or providing information. Editing is a crucial
step in making sure the video flows in a way which achieves this goal.
Add effects, graphics, music, etc
This is often the "wow" part of editing. You can improve most videos (and have a lot of fun) by
adding extra elements.
Alter the style, pace or mood of the video
A good editor will be able to create subtle mood prompts in a video. Techniques such as mood
music and visual effects can influence how the audience will react.
Give the video a particular "angle"
Video can be tailored to support a particular viewpoint, impart a message or serve an agenda.

Different Types of Video Editing

There are several different ways to edit video and each method has its pros and cons. Although
most editors opt for digital non-linear editing for most projects, it makes sense to have an
understanding of how each method works.
This page provides a very brief overview of each method — we will cover them in more detail
in other tutorials.

Film Splicing

Technically this isn't video editing, it's film editing. But it is worth a mention as it was the first way
to edit moving pictures and conceptually it forms the basis of all video editing.
Traditionally, film is edited by cutting sections of the film and rearranging or discarding them.
The process is very straightforward and mechanical. In theory a film could be edited with a pair
of scissors and some splicing tape, although in reality a splicing machine is the only practical solution.
A splicing machine allows film footage to be lined up and held in place while it is cut or
spliced together.

Tape to Tape (Linear)

Linear editing was the original method of editing electronic video tapes, before editing computers
became available in the 1990s. Although it is no longer the preferred option, it is still used in some
situations.
Linear Editing Configuration
In linear editing, video is selectively copied from one tape to another. It requires at least two video
machines connected together — one acts as the source and the other is the recorder.
The basic procedure is quite simple:
  1. Place the video to be edited in the source machine and a blank tape in the recorder.
  2. Press play on the source machine and record on the recorder.
The idea is to record only those parts of the source tape you want to keep. In this way desired
footage is copied in the correct order from the original tape to a new tape. The new tape becomes
the edited version.
This method of editing is called "linear" because it must be done in a linear fashion; that is, starting
with the first shot and working through to the last shot. If the editor changes their mind or notices
a mistake, it is almost impossible to go back and re-edit an earlier part of the video. However,
with a little practice, linear editing is relatively simple and trouble-free.

Digital/Computer (Non-linear)

Digital Editing Software
In this method, video footage is recorded (captured) onto a computer hard drive and then edited
using specialized software. Once the editing is complete, the finished product is recorded back to
tape or optical disk.
Non-linear editing has many significant advantages over linear editing. Most notably, it is a very
flexible method which allows you to make changes to any part of the video at any time. This is
why it's called "non-linear" — because you don't have to edit in a linear fashion.
One of the most difficult aspects of non-linear digital video is the array of hardware and software
options available. There are also several common video standards which are incompatible with
each other, and setting up a robust editing system can be a challenge.
The effort is worth it. Although non-linear editing is more difficult to learn than linear, once you
have mastered the basics you will be able to do much more, much faster.

Live Editing

In some situations multiple cameras and other video sources are routed through a central mixing
console and edited in real time. Live television coverage is an example of live editing.
Live editing is a fairly specialist topic and won't concern most people.

Video Editing Terminology

Capture Device: A hardware or firmware device used to convert analogue video into digital video.
Compressors & Codecs: Software or firmware used to compress and decompress digital video.
Compression makes the file size smaller.
Editing: The process of rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips. Also, creating
transitions between clips. Editing is part of post-production.
Encoding: The process of converting digital video into a particular format, for example, saving a
video project in MGEG-2 format for DVD distribution.
Layering: Adding multiple layers of superimposed video.
Linear Editing: Also known as tape to tape editing. A method of editing in which footage is
copied from one tape to another in the required order.
Non Linear Editing: An editing method which uses computer software to edit the footage.
Transition: The way one shot changes to the next .
Post Production: Everything that happens to the video and audio after production, i.e. after the
footage has been shot. Post production includes video editing, audio editing, titling, colour
correction, effects, etc.
Video marketing is becoming one of the rising trends in recent times in the marketing domain.
Most of the companies today are using the tool of video marketing and this is resulting in increasing
their sales manifold. In this fast-paced world a customer rather watch a short video rather than
reading an article which conveys the same message. With more and more companies opting for
video marketing lot of video editing tools are being developed and used in the market.
With the advent of many social video sharing platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, Instagram, etc.
editing and creating videos has become very popular these days. There are a lot of software available
online which can be used to create and edit videos online without having the need to download
the software. In this article we have listed some of the most popular online video editing tools.

Top 10 Video Editing Tools

With video marketing gaining so much popularity in the industry, there are several new video editing
tools being developed. Even beginners are easily able to create videos and edit them. Some of the
best video editing tools are listed here -

10. Adobe Premiere Clip:
Adobe has some of the best editing apps. The one in question is a mobile app, supported by both
Android and iOS. Upon selection of images or video clips, you have the option to either customize
the end-product yourself or let the app do the work for you. You can modify the audio, edit images
and videos, in addition to adding titles, transitions and other cool effects.
The app can also work with Premiere Pro CC, Capture CC and Lightroom, provided that you are
subscribed to the Adobe Creative Cloud.

9. Clipchamp Create:
It is perhaps the most giving video editing tool that exists. It has multiple subscription packages
but even the free version allows you to edit multiple videos, utilize countless editing tools and
(once you are done) export your videos without watermark (This is only supported for videos with
a resolution of 480p for now). Watermark will still be found on stock clips.
The Premium package costs $9 while the business one costs $19 per month and the price is definitely
worth it as the upgraded versions allow you to access the stock library and download videos at
visually pleasing resolutions.
Apart from that, many other tools come along with Clipchamp as well such as a video converter,
compressor and a webcam recorder.

8. Wave.video by Animatron:
It is an online tool which utilizes drag and drop features to help you in editing your videos.
Resizing is an option as well, allowing you to adjust the size of videos according to the platform
on which they are supposed to be posted.
It has multiple packages as well but the free one allows you to create 10 video clips and export
them as 2 minute clips in standard quality. In addition to that, you can upload 20 images and 10
audio files as well as long as the size limit doesn’t cross 500 MB for each format
(video, audio and image). The premium packages will give you access to stock footage as well.

7. Soapbox by Wistia:
Although it is a Chrome extension, it offers exceptional functionalities such as recording, editing,
sharing and measuring. It is an ideal tool for content creators who post “Reaction” videos as
Soapbox records both the screen as well as webcam, because of which you can experience
a “split screen” view.
Through the free version, you can create and customize countless videos, make a catchy thumbnail,
modify the player color and add a link to the end of video. In order to access advanced features
such as tracking engagement, downloading and others, an annual $300 plan needs to be purchased.

6. VidLab:
This tool (only available on iOS at the moment) allows you to add and adjust text, images and
audio clips. You can remove the tool’s watermark for just $1.99 and unlock advanced video &
sound effects and other features for just $5.99.

5. iMovie:
This one has got to be the go-to video editing tool for Mac users as it offers both basic and
advanced editing functionalities absolutely free of any charges. The mobile app enables you to
edit videos on iPhone, iPad and Mac.

4. FilmoraGo:
Looking for an app that makes you feel like a professional editor working with cutting-edge tools?
Look no further as FimoraGo is that video editing app. It offers basic and advanced features
such as themes, transitions, trimming/splitting, speed control, dubbing, speed regulation,
audio mixing and animation.
FilmoraGo doesn’t require you to limit your video lengths to a specified limit and doesn’t
add a watermark on the end product as well. It is absolutely free and you can easily download
it on your iOS and/or Android devices.

3. Adobe Spark Video:
Another Adobe software that we highly recommend! It offers themes, layouts and storyboards
to assist you in putting together a visual masterpiece. It will add a small Adobe Spark watermark
along with the video but in order to compensate for that, it will allow you to access all of its
basic editing features for free!
In case you are subscribed to Adobe Creative Cloud, you will be able to remove the watermark
and utilize other advanced features. There is an iOS app for Spark too.

2. Movavi Video Editor Plus and Video Editor Clips:
These two tools are simply what an aspiring YouTuber needs. Movavi Video Editor Clips,
supported by both Android and iOS, allows videos to be created in different aspect ratios.
The free version adds a watermark to the video but the paid version (beginning at $1.99 per month)
lets you remove it and add a logo of your own and even animation stickers. Starting
at $39.95, the desktop version of the software also exists.
The Movavi Video Editor Plus is an exceptional tool for beginners using either Windows or Mac.
It’s easy to use and conveniently adjusts to the system you are using, even if it is an outdated one.
In addition to that, it has an intro mode which will create a special intro for your videos.
Last but not the least, it has a wide collection of effects and built-in files and features.
To top it all, it is highly affordable.

1. Headliner:
Adding Subtitles to videos has become highly important today in order to increase the video’s
reach so it can be enjoyed by viewers from different parts of the world and those
with hearing problems.
Thanks to Headliner, you can now just upload a video and expect it to generate subtitles through
the audio or you can also upload an article with the video captions. In addition to that, you can
look up GIF files, videos or other images and upload them so they can be added to your video as well.
The tool is free and you are encouraged to find out the reason behind it as the Headliner team
has explained it in the most entertaining way imaginable.

How did you find our list? Which tool described above suits your editing requirements? Sound
off in the comments section.
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