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February 29, 2020
The stock market works like an auction where investors who buy and sell shares of stocks. These are a small piece of ownership of a public corporation. Stock prices usually reflect investors’ opinions of what the company’s earnings will be.
Traders who think the company will do well bid the price up, while those who believe it will do poorly bid the price down. Sellers try to get as much as possible for each share, hopefully making much more than what they paid for it. Buyers try to get the lowest price so that they can sell it for a profit later.
How to Invest in the Stock Market
Average investors can’t trade on the stock market directly. Instead, they must hire a broker-dealer to execute the trades. There’s a wide variety of choices:
  • Fee-only financial advisers who charge an annual fee, usually 1 percent of assets.
  • Online dealers like E-Trade, who charge a small fee per transaction. 
  • Large banks, like Goldman Sachs or Well Fargo Advisers, provide financial planning in addition to executing trades. 
  • Small brokers who just execute orders. 
Many investors buy stocks through mutual funds. These are companies that buy a collection of stocks. The investor buys shares in the mutual fund instead of owning the stocks themselves. They take advantage of the mutual fund manager’s expertise. Since there are so many stocks, this diversified investment has a lower risk than a single stock.
Most of the stocks traded are common stocks. But some investors buy preferred stocks. They pay an agreed-upon dividend at regular intervals and they don’t have voting rights. They are less risky but they also offer a smaller return.
Where Is the Stock Market?
The two largest exchanges in the world are both in the United States. The New York Stock Exchange lists 2,400 companies. Combined, they are worth around $21 trillion in market capitalization. That’s the value of all its shares. The NYSE is located on Wall Street. The Nasdaq has 3,800 companies with a market cap of $11 trillion. It’s located in Times Square.
Each exchange matches buyers with sellers, but they do it differently. The NYSE is a true auction house. It matches the highest bid for the lowest sales price. There is a market maker for each stock who will fill in the gap to make sure trades go smoothly. At the Nasdaq, buyers and sellers trade with a dealer instead of each other. It’s done electronically, so trades happen in split seconds.
A third exchange, the BATS Global Marketplace, was formed to create a more efficient technology. Its goal was to avoid a flash crash like the one that hit the NASDAQ in August 2013.
There are also many small exchanges to serve specific types of traders. For example, “Dark Pools” like Liquidnet, cater to high-volume, frequent traders like hedge funds. Dark Pools hide their client’s strategies from the competition. They not only ensure their anonymity but can also match up large orders to avoid suspicion. 
The major countries have their own stock exchanges for their domestic corporations. The five biggest are the London, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Euronext exchanges.
Current Stock Market
The stock markets use indices to report their current conditions. The top three are the Dow Jones Industrial Averages, the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq. The DJIA tracks the stock prices of the top 30 U.S. companies. The S&P 500 tracks the stocks of 500 large-cap U.S. companies. The Nasdaq tracks the stocks on its exchange. Each of these also has many smaller indices that track specific aspects of the companies they track. For example, the Nasdaq 100 tracks the largest stocks on its exchange.
Each exchange around the world has an index that reports on its current status. The indices for the top five exchanges are the FTSE 100, Nikkei 225, Shanghai Stock Exchange, Hang Seng, and the Euronext 100.
In addition, there are many indices that report on various types of companies listed on the exchanges. The Russell 2000 reports on 2,000 small-cap companies. The MSCI Index reports on emerging market companies.
Advantages 
Companies sell stocks because it’s a good way to get an enormous sum of financial capital. However, the company itself must be generating a lot of income to make it worthwhile. Issuing an Initial Public Offering is very expensive. After that, there is no privacy, as investors review the company’s profits and strategy every quarter. The other ways of obtaining financing are private, through personal loans or private investors, or through bonds, which are loans traded publicly. The advantage of stocks vs. bonds is that a stock doesn’t require a monthly repayment of interest.
Individuals use the stock market because the returns, on average, outpace those of other investments, such as bonds or commodities. Stock market investing is an excellent way to make sure your investments do better than inflation.
The Stock Market Isn’t the Economy But Does Affect It
The stock market contributes to the U.S. economy. If investors believe the economy is growing, then they will invest in stocks. That’s because a strong economy helps companies improve their earnings. That’s known as a bull market. It usually occurs along with the expansion phase of the business cycle. Most commodities also do well. That’s because expanding businesses will demand more oil, copper, and other natural goods. The most recent bull market occurred from March 2009 until August 2013.
If investors think the economy is slowing or stagnant, they will invest in bonds, which are a safer investment. That’s because bonds give a fixed return over the life of the loan. Bonds do well during the contraction phase of the business cycle. When bonds do well, stocks lose value. That’s known as a bear market, and it typically lasts 18 months. The last bear market was from December 2007 to March 2009. For more, see Dow Closing History.


If there are threats to the global economy, investors also move toward gold and other safe havens. That usually happens along with a stock market correction, when share prices drop 10 percent or more. It’s even more apparent in a stock market crash when stocks can lose that much in a day. A bad crash could even cause a recession. The history of stock market crashes shows this is a frequent occurrence.
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February 28, 2020

What is MRI?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technology that produces three dimensional detailed anatomical images. It is often used for disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. It is based on sophisticated technology that excites and detects the change in the direction of the rotational axis of protons found in the water that makes up living tissues.
How does MRI work?

MRI of a knee
MRIs employ powerful magnets which produce a strong magnetic field that forces protons in the body to align with that field. When a radiofrequency current is then pulsed through the patient, the protons are stimulated, and spin out of equilibrium, straining against the pull of the magnetic field. When the radiofrequency field is turned off, the MRI sensors are able to detect the energy released as the protons realign with the magnetic field. The time it takes for the protons to realign with the magnetic field, as well as the amount of energy released, changes depending on the environment and the chemical nature of the molecules. Physicians are able to tell the difference between various types of tissues based on these magnetic properties.
To obtain an MRI image, a patient is placed inside a large magnet and must remain very still during the imaging process in order not to blur the image. Contrast agents (often containing the element Gadolinium) may be given to a patient intravenously before or during the MRI to increase the speed at which protons realign with the magnetic field. The faster the protons realign, the brighter the image.
What is MRI used for?
MRI scanners are particularly well suited to image the non-bony parts or soft tissues of the body. They differ from computed tomography (CT), in that they do not use the damaging ionizing radiation of x-rays. The brain, spinal cord and nerves, as well as muscles, ligaments, and tendons are seen much more clearly with MRI than with regular x-rays and CT; for this reason MRI is often used to image knee and shoulder injuries.
In the brain, MRI can differentiate between white matter and grey matter and can also be used to diagnose aneurysms and tumors. Because MRI does not use x-rays or other radiation, it is the imaging modality of choice when frequent imaging is required for diagnosis or therapy, especially in the brain. However, MRI is more expensive than x-ray imaging or CT scanning.
One kind of specialized MRI is functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI.) This is used to observe brain structures and determine which areas of the brain “activate” (consume more oxygen) during various cognitive tasks. It is used to advance the understanding of brain organization and offers a potential new standard for assessing neurological status and neurosurgical risk.
Are there risks?
Although MRI does not emit the ionizing radiation that is found in x-ray and CT imaging, it does employ a strong magnetic field. The magnetic field extends beyond the machine and exerts very powerful forces on objects of iron, some steels, and other magnetizable objects; it is strong enough to fling a wheelchair across the room. Patients should notify their physicians of any form of medical or implant prior to an MR scan.

When having an MRI scan, the following should be taken into consideration:
  • People with implants, particularly those containing iron, — pacemakers, vagus nerve stimulators, implantable cardioverter- defibrillators, loop recorders, insulin pumps, cochlear implants, deep brain stimulators, and capsules from capsule endoscopy should not enter an MRI machine.
  • Noise—loud noise commonly referred to as clicking and beeping, as well as sound intensity up to 120 decibels in certain MR scanners, may require special ear protection.
  • Nerve Stimulation—a twitching sensation sometimes results from the rapidly switched fields in the MRI.
  • Contrast agents—patients with severe renal failure who require dialysis may risk a rare but serious illness called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis that may be linked to the use of certain gadolinium-containing agents, such as gadodiamide and others. Although a causal link has not been established, current guidelines in the United States recommend that dialysis patients should only receive gadolinium agents when essential, and that dialysis should be performed as soon as possible after the scan to remove the agent from the body promptly.
  • Pregnancy—while no effects have been demonstrated on the fetus, it is recommended that MRI scans be avoided as a precaution especially in the first trimester of pregnancy when the fetus’ organs are being formed and contrast agents, if used, could enter the fetal bloodstream.

New open MRI machine


  • Claustrophobia—people with even mild claustrophobia may find it difficult to tolerate long scan times inside the machine. Familiarization with the machine and process, as well as visualization techniques, sedation, and anesthesia provide patients with mechanisms to overcome their discomfort. Additional coping mechanisms include listening to music or watching a video or movie, closing or covering the eyes, and holding a panic button. The open MRI is a machine that is open on the sides rather than a tube closed at one end, so it does not fully surround the patient. It was developed to accommodate the needs of patients who are uncomfortable with the narrow tunnel and noises of the traditional MRI and for patients whose size or weight make the traditional MRI impractical. Newer open MRI technology provides high quality images for many but not all types of examinations.
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February 24, 2020

With a myriad number of smartphones available today, it’s all a game of different designs, features, cameras, display quality, performance, battery life and numerous other things that consumers are looking for. However, what goes on beneath these mobile computing machines is equally important because if you’re knowledgeable in this aspect, then you can come close to making a purchasing decision less excruciating down the road.
Looking Inside A Smartphone
1. Display

Perhaps the most obvious components of a modern smartphone is its display, and while every detail you see is on the outside, it is actually an internal component of the device. Display technologies in smartphones of today come in two main types:
  • Those based on LCDs (IPS technology and its variations)
  • Those based on LEDs (AMOLED or Super AMOLED and its variations)
LCD vs LED
On an LCD-based display, there is a backlight that is shining through some polarizers, and it is shining through some filters. And by manipulating the crystal display, you can see a boatload of different colors on the other side. What this means in simple terms is that the light is not being generated by the display itself; it is being generated by the light behind the display, and only some of it is coming from the other side.
Now, on an LED-based display, the light-emitting-diodes are doing all the magic. All the pixels that you can or cannot see are being emitted by these minuscule light-emitting-diodes (also know as LEDs and they produce red, green, and blue colors).
Over here, it is the display itself that is generating the different and vibrant colors. The advantage of AMOLED or Super AMOLED displays over its IPS LCD counterparts is that when a pixel is off and you can see a black color, it is not using up any battery, which is why smartphones that feature AMOLED displays are more efficient in delivering extended periods of battery life.
With an LCD display, however, if you’re seeing black, the crystal display is being manipulated so that none of the light gets through. However, the light behind the display is still being generated meaning that the smartphone will be using small bits of the battery.
However, one drawback that we feel the need to mention is that AMOLED panels are more expensive than IPS ones, so if you see a phone with such a display and it carries a slightly higher price tag, you will know that the display is one of the many contributing factors for that price.
2. Battery
Image: Pexel
Batteries of phones normally use lithium-ion technology that are either removable or non-removable in mobile devices. With these batteries, which an important component of a smartphone, you will not have to worry about ‘calibration’ or ‘testing’ issues that were plagued with nickel-based cells. Still, this does not mean that current-generation batteries are not filled with their own issues, and users have to be very careful when handling and using volatile components like these.
3. ‘System-on-a-chip’ or SoC
Image Credits: Android Authority
The SoC is perhaps the most important component present in a smartphone, and some users might confuse it as being the processor of the device. However, it is far more than that; the SoC not only comprises up of the smartphone’s CPU, but GPU, LTE modem, display processor, video processor, and other bits of silicon that turn it into a functional ‘system’ in a phone.
While you might see phones touting different SoCs from Qualcomm, MediaTek, Samsung, Huawei’s own Kirin and Apple’s own developed chipsets, they are using the same system architecture from ARM. ARM functions by not only producing their own processors and GPUs but by also licensing their design and system architecture to other companies, so they are able to use their technology to make powerful and efficient SoCs.
Some companies also use architectural licenses so that they are able to make their proprietary processors for use in smartphones as long as they are compatible with ARM’s system architecture. Examples of these will be Apple’s custom-made chipsets running custom-developed Cyclone processing cores, or Qualcomm’s Kryo processors.
4. Memory and storage
Image: PhoneArena
No smartphone can function without the use of RAM and memory (system storage). First, let’s talk about the RAM; most mobile devices are shipped with LPDDR3 or LPDDR4, while some high-end smartphones are shipped with LPDDR4X RAM. ‘LP’ stands for ‘Low-Power,’ and it reduces the total voltage of these chips, making them highly efficient and giving mobile phones the extended battery life.
LPDDR4 is more efficient and powerful than LPDDR3, while LPDDR4X is the holy grail of RAM, resulting in unprecedented speeds and efficiency. LPDDR4X is more expensive to produce though, which is why you only see them in flagship smartphones. When newer generations of RAM are going to be introduced, such as LPDDR5, then you guys will see the flourishing of LPDDR4X memory in mid-ranged devices.
As for internal storage, it exists as the flash memory, ranging from 32GB, and can go all the way up to 256GB on some phones. Naturally, as the requirements of users start to rapidly increase based on the amount of storage that they use, phone manufacturers will exponentially increase the amount of RAM present in smartphones. When you fire up your device for the very first time, one thing that you’ll notice is that the advertised storage is not the same value as running on the phone.
For example, a phone featuring 64GB of storage will probably have between 53-55GB available for your personal use. Well, that’s because the smartphone’s operating system and pre-installed applications require that initial internal memory.
5. Modems
Image: Qualcomm
Since smartphones are just phones at the end of the day, they need communication components to receive and send text messages and calls. That’s where modems come in, and every SoC manufacturer has their own brand of modems, and this includes Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei and several others.
These manufacturers are also battling it out to release the fastest and efficient category of LTE chips, so if you have come across the term Cat. 9 LTE modem, that is the fastest one out there. However, if your own cellular network does not support those level of speeds, then there’s absolutely no point of having such powerful chips present in smartphones.
Still, companies are going to do their best to make sure they produce the latest and greatest chips of their desired category.
6. Camera
Image: ifixit
All smartphones come with a rear-facing and front-shooting camera. A smartphone comprises up of three main parts:
  • The sensor (which detects light)
  • The lens (the component in which light comes through)
  • The image processor
While the megapixels on the smartphone are still an important part of the camera, it carries less importance than it did a while back. Instead, the primary limiting factor is the camera sensor of the phone and how sensitive it is when light passes through the lens.
Remember, each sensor behaves very differently in a different smartphone, so every single image or video that you capture will be a variation of contrast, color accuracy, saturation and several others compared to a different handset. Most camera apps have manual settings so you can capture an image or video based on your own settings, but most devices don’t have such an extended list of controls.
Since smartphones have small sensor sizes, they tend to perform badly in low-light areas. This is an area where camera sensor manufacturers have worked incessantly to improve considerably, but they have a long road ahead of them it appears.
7. Sensors
There are five main sensors in a smartphone that allow it to give you that functionality of a ‘touch-enabled smart device’. The names of all these sensors and their importance have been detailed below:
  1. Accelerometer: Used by apps to detect the orientation of the device and its movements, as well as allow features like shaking the phone to change music.
  2. Gyroscope: Works with the Accelerometer to detect the rotation of your phone, for features like tilting phone to play racing games or to watch a movie.
  3. Digital Compass: Helps the phone to find the North direction, for map/navigation purposes.
  4. Ambient Light Sensor: This sensor is automatically able to set the screen brightness based on the surrounding light, and helps conserve battery life. This would also explain why your smartphone’s brightness is reduced in low-light environments, so it helps to reduce the strain on your eyes.
  5. Proximity Sensor: During a call, if the device is brought near your ears, it automatically locks the screen to prevent unwanted touch commands.
Now that you have more information on the intricate things that happen inside a smartphone, you can judge your future purchase by comparing the various different components that are present in these modern day computing devices.


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February 21, 2020

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum encompasses all wave frequencies, including radio, visible light and X-rays. All EM waves are made up of photons that travel through space until they interact with matter; some waves are absorbed and others are reflected. Though the sciences generally classify EM waves into seven basic types, all are manifestations of the same phenomenon.
Radio Waves: Instant Communication

Radio waves are the lowest-frequency waves in the EM spectrum. Radio waves can be used to carry other signals to receivers that subsequently translate these signals into usable information. Many objects, both natural and man-made, emit radio waves. Anything that emits heat emits radiation across the entire spectrum, but in different amounts. Stars, planets and other cosmic bodies emit radio waves. Radio and television stations and cellphone companies all produce radio waves that carry signals to be received by the antennae in your television, radio or cell phone.
Microwaves: Data and Heat

Microwaves are the second-lowest frequency waves in the EM spectrum. Whereas radio waves can be up to miles in length, microwaves measure from a few centimeters up to a foot. Due to their higher frequency, microwaves can penetrate obstacles that interfere with radio waves such as clouds, smoke and rain. Microwaves carry radar, landline phone calls and computer data transmissions as well as cook your dinner. Microwave remnants of the “Big Bang” radiate from all directions throughout the universe.
Infrared Waves: Invisible Heat

Infrared waves are in the lower-middle range of frequencies in the EM spectrum, between microwaves and visible light. The size of infrared waves ranges from a few millimeters down to microscopic lengths. The longer-wavelength infrared waves produce heat and include radiation emitted by fire, the sun and other heat-producing objects; shorter-wavelength infrared rays do not produce much heat and are used in remote controls and imaging technologies.
Visible Light Rays

Visible light waves let you see the world around you. The different frequencies of visible light are experienced by people as the colors of the rainbow. The frequencies move from the lower wavelengths, detected as reds, up to the higher visible wavelengths, detected as violet hues. The most noticeable natural source of visible light is, of course, the sun. Objects are perceived as different colors based on which wavelengths of light an object absorbs and which it reflects.
Ultraviolet Waves: Energetic Light

Ultraviolet waves have even shorter wavelengths than visible light. UV waves are the cause of sunburn and can cause cancer in living organisms. High-temperature processes emit UV rays; these can be detected throughout the universe from every star in the sky. Detecting UV waves assists astronomers, for example, in learning about the structure of galaxies.
X-rays: Penetrating Radiation

X-rays are extremely high-energy waves with wavelengths between 0.03 and 3 nanometres — not much longer than an atom. X-rays are emitted by sources producing very high temperatures like the sun’s corona, which is much hotter than the surface of the sun. Natural sources of x-rays include enormously energetic cosmic phenomena such as pulsars, supernovae and black holes. X-rays are commonly used in imaging technology to view bone structures within the body.
Gamma Rays: Nuclear Energy

Gamma waves are the highest-frequency EM waves, and are emitted by only the most energetic cosmic objects such pulsars, neutron stars, supernova and black holes. Terrestrial sources include lightning, nuclear explosions and radioactive decay. Gamma wave wavelengths are measured on the subatomic level and can actually pass through the empty space within an atom. Gamma rays can destroy living cells; fortunately, the Earth’s atmosphere absorbs any gamma rays that reach the planet

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February 20, 2020

Even if you’re familiar with Microsoft Excel, you might be surprised by the number and variety of keyboard shortcuts you can use to speed up your work and generally make things more convenient.

Everyone’s needs are different, so some will be more useful to you than others. And even if you pick up a few new tricks, it’s worth it. We’ve tried to keep the list clean and simple, let’s begin…
General Program Shortcuts
First, let’s take a look at some general keyboard shortcuts for manipulating workbooks, getting help, and a few other interface-related actions.
·         Ctrl+N: Create a new workbook
·         Ctrl+O: Open an existing workbook
·         Ctrl+S: Save a workbook
·         F12: Open the Save As dialog box
·         Ctrl+W: Close a workbook
·         Ctrl+F4: Close Excel
·         F4: Repeat the last command or action. For example, if the last thing you typed in a cell is “hello,” or if you change the font color, clicking another cell and pressing F4 repeats that action in the new cell.
·         Shift+F11: Insert a new worksheet
·         Ctrl+Z: Undo an action
·         Ctrl+Y: Redo an action
·         Ctrl+F2: Switch to Print Preview
·         F1: Open the Help pane
·         Alt+Q: Go to the “Tell me what you want to do” box
·         F7: Check spelling
·         F9: Calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks
·         Shift+F9: Calculate active worksheets
·         Alt or F10: Turn key tips on or off
·         Ctrl+F1: Show or hide the ribbon
·         Ctrl+Shift+U: Expand or collapse the formula bar
·         Ctrl+F9: Minimize the workbook window
·         F11: Create a bar chart based on selected data (on a separate sheet)
·         Alt+F1: Create an embedded bar chart based on select data (same sheet)
·         Ctrl+F: Search in a spreadsheet, or use Find and Replace
·         Alt+F: Open the File tab menu
·         Alt+H: Go to the Home tab
·         Alt+N: Open the Insert tab
·         Alt+P: Go to the Page Layout tab
·         Alt+M: Go to the Formulas tab
·         Alt+A: Go to the Data tab
·         Alt+R: Go to the Review tab
·         Alt+W: Go to the View tab
·         Alt+X: Go to the Add-ins tab
·         Alt+Y: Go to the Help tab
·         Ctrl+Tab: Switch between open workbooks
·         Shift+F3: Insert a function
·         Alt+F8: Create, run, edit, or delete a macro
·         Alt+F11: Open the Microsoft Visual Basic For Applications Editor
Moving Around in a Worksheet or Cell
You can use keyboard shortcuts to easily navigate throughout your worksheet, within a cell, or throughout your entire workbook.
·         Left/Right Arrow: Move one cell to the left or right
·         Ctrl+Left/Right Arrow: Move to the farthest cell left or right in the row
·         Up/Down Arrow: Move one cell up or down
·         Ctrl+Up/Down Arrow: Move to the top or bottom cell in the column
·         Tab: Go to the next cell
·         Shift+Tab: Go to the previous cell
·         Ctrl+End: Go to the most bottom right used cell
·         F5: Go to any cell by pressing F5 and typing the cell coordinate or cell name.
·         Home: Go to the leftmost cell in the current row (or go to the beginning of the cell if editing a cell)
·         Ctrl+Home: Move to the beginning of a worksheet
·         Page Up/Down: Move one screen up or down in a worksheet
·         Alt+Page Up/Down: Move one screen to the right or left in a worksheet
·         Ctrl+Page Up/Down: Move to the previous or next worksheet
Selecting Cells
You may have noticed from the previous section you use the arrow keys to move between cells, and the Ctrl key to modify that movement. Using the Shift key to modify the arrow keys lets you extend your selected cells. There are also a few other combos for speeding up selection, as well.
·         Shift+Left/Right Arrow: Extend the cell selection to the left or right
·         Shift+Space: Select the entire row
·         Ctrl+Space: Select the entire column
·         Ctrl+Shift+Space: Select the entire worksheet
Editing Cells
Excel also provides some keyboard shortcuts for editing cells.
·         F2: Edit a cell
·         Shift+F2: Add or edit a cell comment
·         Ctrl+X: Cut contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Insert: Copy contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert: Paste contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Ctrl+Alt+V: Open the Paste Special dialog box
·         Delete: Remove the contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Alt+Enter: Insert a hard return within a cell (while editing a cell)
·         F3: Paste a cell name (if cells are named in the worksheet)
·         Alt+H+D+C: Delete column
·         Esc: Cancel an entry in a cell or the formula bar
·         Enter: Complete an entry in a cell or the formula bar
Formatting Cells
Ready to format some cells? These keyboard shortcuts make it easier!
·         Ctrl+B: Add or remove bold to the contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Ctrl+I: Add or remove italics to the contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Ctrl+U: Add or remove underline to the contents of a cell, selected data, or selected cell range
·         Alt+H+H: Select a fill color
·         Alt+H+B: Add a border
·         Ctrl+Shift+&: Apply outline border
·         Ctrl+Shift+_ (Underline): Remove outline border
·         Ctrl+9: Hide the selected rows
·         Ctrl+0: Hide the selected columns
·         Ctrl+1: Open the Format Cells dialog box
·         Ctrl+5: Apply or remove strikethrough
·         Ctrl+Shift+$: Apply currency format
·         Ctrl+Shift+%: Apply percent format
The more you use keyboard shortcuts, the easier they are to remember. And no one expects you to memorize all of them. Hopefully, you’ve found a few new ones you can use to make your life in Excel a little better.
Need more help with keyboard shortcuts? You can access Help anytime by pressing F1. This opens a Help pane and allows you to search for help on any topic. Search for “keyboard shortcuts” to learn more.


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